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In 2019, researchers witnessed the consequences of an extreme heat event at Punta Tombo in Argentina, one of the world’s largest breeding colonies for Magellanic penguins. On Jan. 19, temperatures at the site spiked in the shade to 44 C, or 111.2 F, killing at least 354 penguins. Nearly three-quarters of the penguins that died were adults, many of which likely died of dehydration, based on postmortem analyses.