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Limited understanding of basic ocean processes is hindering progress in marine carbon dioxide removal, with the on-going commercialization of some approaches ‘premature and misguided’. Scientists now review the climatic effectiveness of four ‘nature-based’ techniques using marine biological processes. These involve shellfish cultivation, seaweed farming, coastal blue carbon — using the restoration of seagrass, saltmarsh and mangrove forests — and increasing whale populations through ‘re-wilding’.